A couple of worked examples
Say a shirt is $150 and it's 20% off. The first calculator above tells you the discount amount: 20% of 150 is 30, so you'd pay $120.
Or say you scored 30 out of 150 on something. The second calculator flips it around: 30 is 20% of 150 — that's your score as a percentage.
The third one is for tracking change over time — rent going from $150 to $180/month is a +20% increase, which is what that calculator would show you.
Percentage points vs. percent — what's the difference?
Going from 20% to 25% is a 5 percentage point jump, but it's a 25% increase relative to the original number. These get mixed up constantly. This tool calculates percent change (the second kind), not percentage points.
Negative numbers work fine here
All three boxes accept negatives if you need them — useful for the change calculator especially, since a decrease naturally comes out negative.